骨组织是为人体提供机械支撑的动态器官,炎症、肿瘤、外伤等诸多因素可导致骨缺损。自体骨移植、同种异体骨移植和异种骨移植受限于供体的可用性和供区并发症等问题。传统生物可降解材料,包括可降解金属和陶瓷等,面临耐腐蚀性不足、应力屏蔽效应及难以调控的降解速率等挑战。而天然高分子材料,如胶原蛋白、壳聚糖和丝素蛋白等,具备优异的生物相容性、可降解性及促进细胞增殖和迁移的特性,已被广泛用于骨缺损修复的研究。本文对此类天然高分子材料的来源、特性进行概述,介绍了它们常见的制备方法及应用形式,最后对其应用前景进行展望。Bone tissue is a dynamic organ that offers mechanical support for the human body. Numerous factors such as inflammation, tumors, trauma, and others can result in bone defects. Autologous bone grafting, allogeneic bone grafting, and xenogeneic bone grafting are restricted by issues such as the availability of donors and complications in the donor areas. Traditional biodegradable materials, including degradable metals and ceramics, encounter challenges like insufficient corrosion resistance, stress shielding effects, and difficult-to-regulate degradation rates. Natural polymeric materials, like collagen, chitosan, and silk fibroin, possess outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradability, and the property of promoting cell proliferation and migration, and have been extensively utilized in studies on bone defect repair. This paper summarizes the sources and characteristics of these natural polymeric materials, presents their common preparation methods and application forms, and finally looks forward to their application prospects.
