随着社会发展,我们进入数字资本主义时代,技术与资本合谋将人们推入数字化生存境地,数字技术异化最广程度地渗透和浸润到社会生活的各个方面,最大程度地改变了人们的劳动过程、消费模式和交往范式,出现新情况。数字资本主义时代,技术与资本深度勾结,使人们陷入数字化生存困境。数字技术广泛渗透社会生活,改变劳动、消费和交往模式,却也催生技术异化,导致劳动剥削升级、消费需求虚假过溢、社会交往虚拟泛化。若想要消解技术异化,需审视现象、根除根源,推动技术服务于人的解放与全面发展。With the development of society, we have entered the era of digital capitalism, technology and capital conspired to push people into the digital survival situation, digital technology alienation has penetrated and infiltrated all aspects of social life to the most extensive extent, and has changed people’s labor process, consumption pattern and communication paradigm to the greatest extent, and new situations have emerged. In the era of digital capitalism, the deep collusion between technology and capital makes people fall into the dilemma of digital survival. Digital technology has widely penetrated social life, changing the mode of labor, consumption and communication, but it also gives rise to technological alienation, leading to the escalation of labor exploitation, false and excessive consumption demand, and virtual generalization of social communication. If we want to eliminate the alienation of technology, we need to examine the phenomenon, eradicate the root cause, and promote the technology to serve the liberation and all-round development of people.
马尔库塞在吸收了马克思异化劳动理论、海德格尔的存在主义、弗洛伊德的精神分析学、霍克海默和阿尔多诺的启蒙批判思想等基础之后提出技术异化理论,其内容在《单向度的人——发达工业社会意识形态研究》中集中表现。在资本主义发达社会里,不具备中立性的技术被用来进行社会生产,必然变成统治工具,而后,社会失去批判性和否定性,变成极权主义社会。在这种社会下,人们失去了独立性和特殊性,变成单向度的人。人工智能的出现确实带来了各维度的益处,但是产生的风险也是值得深思的。文章以马尔库塞的科技异化为出发点,分析人工智能在发展过程存在的异化问题,进而提出其规避途径,才能使人工智能更好地服务于人类。After absorbing Marx’s theory of alienated labor, Heidegger’s existentialism, Freud’s psycho- analysis, and the enlightenment criticism of Hokheimer and Aldono, Marcuse put forward the theory of technological alienation which was concentrated in the Study of Unidirectional People—Research on the Ideology of Developed Industrial Society. In the developed capitalist society, the technology without neutrality is used for social production, which will inevitably become a ruling tool. Later, the society loses its criticism as well as negation and becomes a totalitarian society. In this society, people lose their independence and particularity, then become one-directional people. The emergence of artificial intelligence brings benefits from all dimensions for people and society, but the risks are also worth thinking about. This paper takes Marcuuse’s technological alienation as the starting point, analyzes the alienation of artificial intelligence in the development process, and then puts forward the way to avoid it, so as to make artificial intelligence better serve human beings.
